What Is Carbon Tetrachloride Used For

Chemical compound

For the chemokine, see CCL4.

Carbon tetrachloride

Names
Preferred IUPAC name Tetrachloromethane
Other names Benziform benzinoform carbon chloride gas[i] carbon tet. Freon-ten Refrigerant-ten Halon-104 methane tetrachloride methyl tetrachloride perchloromethane, PCM Tetraform Tetrasol TCM, trematocide
Identifiers
CAS Number	56-23-5 Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive prototype
Beilstein Reference	1098295
ChEBI	CHEBI:27385 Y
ChEMBL	ChEMBL44814 Y
ChemSpider	5730 Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.239
EC Number	200-262-8
Gmelin Reference	2347
KEGG	C07561 Y
PubChem CID	5943
RTECS number	FG4900000
UNII	CL2T97X0V0 Y
UN number	1846
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID8020250
InChI InChI=1S/CCl4/c2-1(3,iv)5 Y Key: VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y InChI=1/CCl4/c2-1(3,iv)5 Key: VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYAV
SMILES ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl
Backdrop
Chemic formula	C Cl 4
Molar mass	153.81 g/mol
Appearance	Colourless liquid
Odor	Sugariness, chloroform-similar odor
Density	1.5867g·cm−three (liquid) 1.831k·cm−3 at −186°C (solid) ane.809thousand·cm−3 at −eighty°C (solid)
Melting bespeak	−22.92 °C (−nine.26 °F; 250.23 Chiliad)
Boiling bespeak	76.72 °C (170.10 °F; 349.87 Grand)
Solubility in water	0.097g/100 mL (0°C) 0.081g/100 mL (25°C)
Solubility	Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, naphtha, CS2, formic acid
log P	two.64
Vapor pressure	11.94kPa at 20°C
Henry's law constant (k H)	ii.76×x−2 atm·m3/mol
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−66.threescore×10−vi cm3/mol
Thermal conductivity	0.1036Westward/m·K (300M)[ii]
Refractive index (north D)	1.4607
Viscosity	0.86mPa·southward[3]
Dipole moment	0 D
Structure
Crystal structure	Monoclinic
Coordination geometry	Tetragonal
Molecular shape	Tetrahedral
Dipole moment	0D
Thermochemistry
Estrus chapters (C)	132.6J/mol·Thousand
Std tooth entropy (S o 298)	214.39J/mol·K
Std enthalpy of formation (Δf H ⦵ 298)	−95.half-dozenkJ/mol
Gibbs energy (Δf G˚)	−87.34kJ/mol[4]
Hazards
Occupational condom and health (OHS/OSH):
Master hazards	potential occupational carcinogen
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Gamble statements	H301, H302, H311, H331, H351, H372, H412, H420
Precautionary statements	P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P281, P301+P310, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P313, P311, P312, P314, P321, P322, P330, P361, P363, P403+P233, P405, P501, P502
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	3 0 0
Flash point	Non-combustible
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	250mg/kg
LC50 (median concentration)	5400ppm (mammal) 8000ppm (rat, 4hr) 9526ppm (mouse, 8hour)[half dozen]
LCLo (lowest published)	1000ppm (man) 20,000ppm (guinea pig, 2hr) 38,110ppm (cat, 2hr) 50,000ppm (human, fivemin) 14,620ppm (canis familiaris, 8hr)[6]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	TWA 10ppm C 25ppm 200ppm (5-minute maximum peak in any 4 hours)[v]
REL (Recommended)	Ca ST 2ppm (12.6mg/mthree) [60-minute][five]
IDLH (Immediate danger)	200ppm[5]
Condom data canvas (SDS)	ICSC 0024
Related compounds
Other anions	Carbon tetrafluoride Carbon tetrabromide Carbon tetraiodide
Other cations	Silicon tetrachloride Germanium tetrachloride Tin tetrachloride Lead tetrachloride
Related chloromethanes	Chloromethane Dichloromethane Chloroform
Supplementary data folio
Carbon tetrachloride (data folio)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard land (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Yverify (what is Y N  ?) Infobox references

Chemical compound

Carbon tetrachloride, likewise known past many other names (such equally tetrachloromethane, as well recognised by the IUPAC, carbon tet in the cleaning industry, Halon-104 in firefighting, and Refrigerant-10 in HVACR) is an organic compound with the chemical formula CCl₄. It is a colourless liquid with a "sweet" olfactory property that tin can be detected at low levels. It is practically incombustible at lower temperatures. It was formerly widely used in fire extinguishers, as a forerunner to refrigerants and as a cleaning agent, simply has since been phased out because of environmental and safety concerns. Exposure to high concentrations of carbon tetrachloride (including vapor) tin bear upon the key nervous organization and degenerate the liver and kidneys. Prolonged exposure tin can be fatal.

Backdrop [edit]

In the carbon tetrachloride molecule, four chlorine atoms are positioned symmetrically equally corners in a tetrahedral configuration joined to a fundamental carbon cantlet by single covalent bonds. Considering of this symmetric geometry, CCl₄ is non-polar. Methane gas has the same structure, making carbon tetrachloride a halomethane. As a solvent, it is well suited to dissolving other non-polar compounds such as fats and oils. It tin can also deliquesce iodine. It is somewhat volatile, giving off vapors with a smell characteristic of other chlorinated solvents, somewhat similar to the tetrachloroethylene smell reminiscent of dry cleaners' shops.

Solid tetrachloromethane has two polymorphs: crystalline Ii below −47.v °C (225.vi One thousand) and crystalline I to a higher place −47.v °C.^[seven] At −47.3 °C it has monoclinic crystal structure with space group C2/c and lattice constants a = 20.three, b = 11.half dozen, c = xix.nine (.10⁻¹ nm), β = 111°.^[viii]

With a specific gravity greater than one, carbon tetrachloride volition be present as a dense nonaqueous phase liquid if sufficient quantities are spilled in the environment.

History and synthesis [edit]

Carbon tetrachloride was originally synthesized past the French chemist Henri Victor Regnault in 1839 by the reaction of chloroform with chlorine,^[nine] merely at present information technology is mainly produced from methane:

CH₄ + 4 Cl₂ → CCl₄ + 4 HCl

The product oftentimes utilizes by-products of other chlorination reactions, such as from the syntheses of dichloromethane and chloroform. Higher chlorocarbons are besides subjected to "chlorinolysis":

C₂Cl₆ + Cl₂ → two CCl₄

Prior to the 1950s, carbon tetrachloride was manufactured by the chlorination of carbon disulfide at 105 to 130 °C:^[10]

CS₂ + 3Cl₂ → CCl_iv + S_twoCl₂

The product of carbon tetrachloride has steeply declined since the 1980s due to environmental concerns and the decreased demand for CFCs, which were derived from carbon tetrachloride. In 1992, production in the U.Southward./Europe/Japan was estimated at 720,000 tonnes.^[x]

Safety [edit]

Carbon tetrachloride is one of the most potent hepatotoxins (toxic to the liver), so much and then that it is widely used in scientific inquiry to evaluate hepatoprotective agents.^{[11] [12]} Exposure to loftier concentrations of carbon tetrachloride (including vapor) can affect the central nervous organisation and degenerate the liver^[12] and kidneys,^[13] and prolonged exposure may lead to blackout or death.^[14] Chronic exposure to carbon tetrachloride can cause liver^{[15] [sixteen]} and kidney damage and could upshot in cancer.^[17] See safe information sheets.^[18]

The effects of carbon tetrachloride on human health and the surroundings have been assessed nether REACH in 2012 in the context of the substance evaluation by France.^[nineteen]

In 2008, a study of common cleaning products found the presence of carbon tetrachloride in "very loftier concentrations" (upwards to 101 mg/yard^three) as a consequence of manufacturers' mixing of surfactants or soap with sodium hypochlorite (bleach).^[twenty]

Carbon tetrachloride is also both ozone-depleting^[21] and a greenhouse gas.^[22] Still, since 1992^[23] its atmospheric concentrations have been in refuse for the reasons described above (come across atmospheric concentration graphs in the gallery). CCl₄ has an atmospheric lifetime of 85 years.^[24]

At loftier temperatures in air, it decomposes or burns to produce poisonous phosgene.

Toxicological studies [edit]

Carbon tetrachloride is a suspected human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.^[25] The World Health Organization reports carbon tetrachloride can induce hepatocellular carcinomas (hepatomas) in mice and rats. The doses inducing hepatic tumours are higher than those inducing cell toxicity.^[26] The International Agency for Enquiry on Cancer (IARC) classified this compound in Group 2B, "possibly carcinogenic to humans".^[27]

Uses [edit]

In organic chemistry, carbon tetrachloride serves as a source of chlorine in the Appel reaction.

Carbon tetrachloride made from heavy chlorine-37 has been used in the detection of neutrinos.

1 specialty utilize of carbon tetrachloride is in stamp collecting, to reveal watermarks on postage stamp stamps without damaging them. A small amount of the liquid is placed on the back of a stamp, sitting in a blackness glass or obsidian tray. The letters or blueprint of the watermark tin can and so be seen conspicuously.

Historical uses [edit]

Carbon tetrachloride was widely used as a dry cleaning solvent, as a refrigerant, and in lava lamps.^[28] In the last case, carbon tetrachloride is a key ingredient that adds weight to the otherwise buoyant wax.

Solvent [edit]

It once was a popular solvent in organic chemistry, but, because of its agin wellness furnishings, it is rarely used today.^[11] Information technology is sometimes useful equally a solvent for infrared spectroscopy, because in that location are no pregnant absorption bands above 1600 cm⁻¹. Because carbon tetrachloride does not have whatever hydrogen atoms, it was historically used in proton NMR spectroscopy. In improver to being toxic, its dissolving power is depression.^[29] Its use in NMR spectroscopy has been largely superseded by deuterated solvents. Apply of carbon tetrachloride in determination of oil has been replaced by various other solvents, such as tetrachloroethylene.^[eleven] Considering it has no C–H bonds, carbon tetrachloride does non easily undergo costless-radical reactions. It is a useful solvent for halogenations either by the elemental halogen or past a halogenation reagent such equally North-bromosuccinimide (these conditions are known as Wohl–Ziegler bromination).

Fire suppression [edit]

A contumely Pyrene carbon tetrachloride fire extinguisher

A Cherry-red Comet make glass globe ("fire grenade") containing carbon tetrachloride

In 1910, the Pyrene Manufacturing Company of Delaware filed a patent to use carbon tetrachloride to extinguish fires.^[30] The liquid was vaporized by the heat of combustion and extinguished flames, an early on class of gaseous fire suppression. At the time information technology was believed the gas simply displaced oxygen in the surface area near the fire, only later research found that the gas actually inhibits the chemical concatenation reaction of the combustion procedure.^{[ citation needed ]}

In 1911, Pyrene patented a small, portable extinguisher that used the chemic.^[31] The extinguisher consisted of a brass canteen with an integrated hand-pump that was used to expel a jet of liquid toward the burn down. Equally the container was unpressurized, it could easily be refilled after use.^[32] Carbon tetrachloride was suitable for liquid and electrical fires and the extinguishers were often carried on aircraft or motor vehicles. However as early equally 1920, there were reports of fatalities caused by the chemic when used to fight a burn in a confined space.^[33]

In the showtime half of the 20th century, some other common burn extinguisher was a single-use, sealed glass globe known equally a "fire grenade", filled with either carbon tetrachloride or salt water. The seedling could be thrown at the base of the flames to quench the fire. The carbon tetrachloride type could also be installed in a spring-loaded wall fixture with a solder-based restraint. When the solder melted by high heat, the spring would either interruption the globe or launch information technology out of the subclass, allowing the extinguishing amanuensis to be automatically dispersed into the fire.^[34]

A well-known make of fire grenade was the "Red Comet", which was variously manufactured with other fire-fighting equipment in the Denver, Colorado area by the Blood-red Comet Manufacturing Company from its founding in 1919 until manufacturing operations were closed in the early 1980s.^[35]

Refrigerants [edit]

Prior to the Montreal Protocol, big quantities of carbon tetrachloride were used to produce the chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants R-xi (trichlorofluoromethane) and R-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane). Even so, these refrigerants play a office in ozone depletion and take been phased out. Carbon tetrachloride is still used to manufacture less destructive refrigerants.

Fumigant [edit]

Carbon tetrachloride was widely used as a fumigant to kill insect pests in stored grain.^[36] It was employed in a mixture known as eighty/20, that was eighty% carbon tetrachloride and xx% Carbon disulfide.^[37] The U.s.a. Environmental Protection Agency banned its apply in 1985.^[38]

Gallery [edit]

• 

  CCl_iv measured by the Avant-garde Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) in the lower atmosphere (troposphere) at stations effectually the world. Abundances are given as pollution free monthly mean mole fractions in parts-per-trillion.

• 

  Hemispheric and Global mean concentrations of CCl₄ (NOAA/ESRL).

• 

  Time-serial of atmospheric concentrations of CCl₄ (Walker et al., 2000).

References [edit]

1. ^ Carbon tetrachloride
2. ^ Touloukian, Y.S., Liley, P.Due east., and Saxena, South.C. Thermophysical properties of matter - the TPRC data series. Volume iii. Thermal conductivity - nonmetallic liquids and gases. Data volume. 1970.
3. ^ Reid, Robert C.; Prausnitz, John Thousand.; Poling, Bruce E. (1987), The Properties of Gases and Liquids, McGraw-Hill Book Company, p. 442, ISBN0-07-051799-1
4. ^ "Carbon tetrachloride" (PDF). Cheméo . Retrieved fourteen Jun 2022. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
5. ^ ^{a b c} NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemic Hazards. "#0107". National Establish for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
6. ^ ^{a b} "Carbon tetrachloride". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
7. ^ "Carbon Tetrachloride". webbook.nist.gov. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 28 Apr 2018.
8. ^ F. Brezina, J. Mollin, R. Pastorek, Z. Sindelar. Chemicke tabulky anorganickych sloucenin (Chemic tables of inorganic compounds). SNTL, 1986.
9. ^ V. Regnault (1839) "Sur les chlorures de carbone CCl et CCl²" (On the chlorides of carbon CCl and CCl² ), Annales de Chimie et de Physique, vol. 70, pages 104-107. Reprinted in German language every bit: V. Regnault (1839). "Ueber die Chlorverbindungen des Kohlenstoffs, C2Cl2 und CCl2". Annalen der Pharmacie. thirty (three): 350–352. doi:10.1002/jlac.18390300310.
10. ^ ^{a b} Manfred Rossberg, Wilhelm Lendle, Gerhard Pfleiderer, Adolf Tögel, Eberhard-Ludwig Dreher, Ernst Langer, Heinz Jaerts, Peter Kleinschmidt, Heinz Strack, Richard Melt, Uwe Brook, Karl-August Lipper, Theodore R. Torkelson, Eckhard Löser, Klaus K. Beutel, "Chlorinated Hydrocarbons" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2006 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2
11. ^ ^{a b c} Use of Ozone Depleting Substances in Laboratories. TemaNord 516/2003. Archived February 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
12. ^ ^{a b} Seifert W. F., Bosma A., Brouwer A. et al. (January 1994). "Vitamin A deficiency potentiates carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats". Hepatology. 19 (1): 193–201. doi:10.1002/hep.1840190129. PMID 8276355. S2CID 205863459. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
13. ^ Liu K. Ten., Kato Y., Yamazaki M., Higuchi O., Nakamura T., Sugiyama Y. (April 1993). "Decrease in the hepatic clearance of hepatocyte growth factor in carbon tetrachloride-intoxicated rats". Hepatology. 17 (4): 651–60. doi:ten.1002/hep.1840170420. PMID 8477970. S2CID 25794501. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
14. ^ Recknagel R. O.; Glende East. A.; Dolak J. A.; Waller R. 50. (1989). "Mechanism of Carbon-tetrachloride Toxicity". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 43 (43): 139–154. doi:10.1016/0163-7258(89)90050-eight. PMID 2675128.
15. ^ Recknagel R. O. (June 1967). "Carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity". Pharmacol. Rev. nineteen (two): 145–208. PMID 4859860.
16. ^ Masuda Y. (October 2006). "[Learning toxicology from carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity]". Yakugaku Zasshi (in Japanese). 126 (10): 885–99. doi:10.1248/yakushi.126.885. PMID 17016019.
17. ^ Rood A. S., McGavran P. D., Aanenson J. Westward., Till J. Eastward. (August 2001). "Stochastic estimates of exposure and cancer risk from carbon tetrachloride released to the air from the rocky flats institute". Risk Anal. 21 (4): 675–95. doi:10.1111/0272-4332.214143. PMID 11726020. S2CID 31797685. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
18. ^ Material Safety Data Sheet, Carbon tetrachloride Archived 2010-09-13 at the Wayback Machine at Fisher Scientific.
19. ^ "Substance evaluation - CoRAP - ECHA". echa.europa.european union. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 28 Apr 2018.
20. ^ Odabasi M. (2008). "Halogenated Volatile Organic Compounds from the Use of Chlorine-Bleach-Containing Household Products". Environmental Science & Engineering. 42 (5): 1445–51. Bibcode:2008EnST...42.1445O. doi:10.1021/es702355u. PMID 18441786.
21. ^ Fraser P. (1997). "Chemistry of stratospheric ozone and ozone depletion". Australian Meteorological Magazine. 46 (iii): 185–193.
22. ^ Evans W. F. J., Puckrin East. (1996). "A measurement of the greenhouse radiation associated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl_iv)". Geophysical Research Letters. 23 (14): 1769–72. Bibcode:1996GeoRL..23.1769E. doi:10.1029/96GL01258. {{cite periodical}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
23. ^ Walker, S. J.; Weiss R. F. & Salameh P. One thousand. (2000). "Reconstructed histories of the annual mean atmospheric mole fractions for the halocarbons CFC-11, Cfc-12, Chlorofluorocarbon-113 and carbon tetrachloride". Periodical of Geophysical Research. 105 (C6): 14285–96. Bibcode:2000JGR...10514285W. doi:10.1029/1999JC900273.
24. ^ The Atlas of Climatic change (2006) by Kirstin Dow and Thomas E. Downing ISBN 978-0-520-25558-6
25. ^ "Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition - Carbon Tetrachloride" (PDF). ntp.niehs.nih.gov.
26. ^ "Environmental Health Criteria 208: CARBON TETRACHLORIDE" (PDF). who.int.
27. ^ "Public Health Statement for Carbon Tetrachloride (Tetracloruro de Carbono)". atsdr.cdc.gov.
28. ^ Doherty R. E. (2000). "A History of the Production and Apply of Carbon Tetrachloride, Tetrachloroethylene, Trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-Trichloroethane in the Usa: Part 1—Historical Background; Carbon Tetrachloride and Tetrachloroethylene". Ecology Forensics. i (ii): 69–81. doi:10.1006/enfo.2000.0010. S2CID 97680726.
29. ^ West. Reusch. "Introduction to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy". Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry. Michigan Land University. Archived from the original on Baronial 31, 2006.
30. ^ U.S. Patent 1,010,870, filed April 5, 1910.
31. ^ U.S. Patent 1,105,263, filed Jan 7, 1911.
32. ^ "Pyrene Burn down Extinguishers". Vintage Fire Extinguishers. Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
33. ^ Fieldner, A. C.; Katz, Southward. H.; Kinney, Southward. P.; Longfellow, East. S. (1920-10-01). "Poisonous gases from carbon tetrachloride burn extinguishers". Journal of the Franklin Plant. 190 (four): 543–565. doi:10.1016/S0016-0032(20)91494-ane. Retrieved 2022-02-03 .
34. ^ Burke, Robert (2007-xi-06). Fire Protection: Systems and Response. CRC Press. p. 209. ISBN978-0-203-48499-9.
35. ^ "Red Comet Manufacturing Company". City of Littleton, CO. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
36. ^ "ACSH Explains: What'due south The Story On Carbon Tetrachloride?". American Council on Science and Health. 2018-08-09. Retrieved 2022-02-03 .
37. ^ Peters, H. A.; Levine, R. L.; Matthews, C. G.; Sauter, S.; Chapman, Fifty. (1986). "Synergistic neurotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride/carbon disulfide (80/20 fumigants) and other pesticides in grain storage workers". Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica. 59: 535–546. doi:ten.1111/j.1600-0773.1986.tb02820.ten. PMID 3535379. Retrieved 2022-02-03 .
38. ^ Darst, Guy (1985-02-12). "Manufacturers Take Grain Fumigant Off Market place in Face of EPA Testing". AP News . Retrieved 2022-02-03 .

External links [edit]

• International Chemical Safety Card 0024
• NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0107". National Constitute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
• "Carbon Tetrachloride (Group 2B)". International Bureau for Enquiry on Cancer (IARC) – Summaries & Evaluations. 71: 401. 1999.
• IARC Monograph: "Carbon Tetrachloride"
• Toxicological profile for carbon tetrachloride
• Environmental wellness criteria for carbon tetrachloride
• Carbon tetrachloride MSDS at Chancy Chemical Database
• Substance contour at ntp.niehs.nih.gov
• ChemSub Online: Carbon tetrachloride

What Is Carbon Tetrachloride Used For,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride

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